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《明清之际的“夜不收”与“捉生”》

　　　　　An Analysis 'Yebushou' and 'Zhuosheng' during the Ming-Qing Transition
作　　者：祁美琴
　　　　　祁美琴 (1964-),女,中国人民大学清史研究所副教授;北京 100872
出　　处：《清史研究》 2005年04期
发表时间：2005-11-15
ＩＳＳＮ：1002-8587(2005)-05-0019-10
分 类 号：K249
文　　摘：
本文认为"夜不收"是明代辽东边防守军中的哨探或间谍的特有称谓,而"捉生"则是后金(清)崛起后为获取军事情报而采取的一种捕捉哨探的行为."捉生"的有效实施,体现了军事侦察活动在从明到清转折时期的决定性胜利中做出的特殊贡献.

参考链接：
　　· http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/qikan/periodical.Articles/qsyj ...
关 键 词：夜不收 捉生 军事侦察
正　　文：
　　“夜不收”是明代辽东边防守军中的哨探或间谍的特有称谓, 而“捉生”则是后金(清) 崛起后, 为获取军事情报而采取的一种捕捉哨探的行为。自从人类有战争以来, 军事侦察活动就成为战争双方获取军事情报的重要途径。在明清这个历史转折的重要时期, ……
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参考文献：
[1]参见杨旸《明代辽东都司》,中州古籍出版社1988年;杨旸、袁闾琨、傅朗云《明代奴尔干都司及其卫所研究》,中州书画社1982年.书中,作者对上述卫所的所在位置、建制沿革有详尽的论述,但是对卫所的功能及其具体运作没有给与关注,是很大的缺憾.
[2]《大明一统志》(下)卷89,女直,三秦出版社1990年重印本.
[3]郑晓:《皇明四夷考》上卷,女直,国学文库本,1933年重印.
[4]郑晓:《皇明四夷考》上卷,兀良哈.
[5]郑晓:《皇明四夷考》上卷,女直.
[6]《明英宗实录》卷98,正统七年十一月乙丑.
[7]《明英宗实录》卷210,景泰二年十月乙酉.
[8]史学界一般认为是成化三年,但是刘谦先生认为是成化五年(《明辽东镇长城及防御考》38页,文物出版社1989年).
[9]《明神宗实录》卷15,万历元年七月丙申.
[10]刘谦《明辽东镇长城及防御考》,导言,7页.
[11]《皇明从信录》卷18,正统七年二月条,续修四库全书355史部编年类.《沈故》卷1"明时城堡墩台"下记载:"辽东城堡二百七十九座,空心敌台三十一座,边腹敌台九十座,墩台二千七百一十座,其布置非不周密也,其如在德不在险何?"辽海丛书本.
[12]《明英宗实录》卷111,正统八年十二月丙午.
[13]《辽东志》卷9,"外志后序".
[14]《明神宗实录》卷572,万历四十六年七月丁酉.
[15]《滦阳录》卷1有"夜不收"条.
[16]《明神宗实录》卷77,万历六年七月丙辰.
[17]后金与明发生战事后,曾有"厚抚北关(即叶赫)以坚其敌,多行间谍以溃其党"之论.《明神宗实录》卷572,万历四十六年七月壬辰.
[18]《明神宗实录》卷580,万历四十七年三月甲午.
[19]《明神宗实录》卷580,万历四十七年三月甲午.
[20]《明神宗实录》卷458,万历三十七年五月辛巳.
[21]《明神宗实录》卷77,万历六年七月丙辰.
[22]《明英宗实录》卷9,宣德十年九月壬辰.
[23]如嘉靖四十一年五月丁未上谕:加辽东沿边墩军及各营出哨夜不收本色行粮月米二斗(《明世宗实录》卷509);万历六年七月又"每名于月粮外再加一倍"(《明神宗实录》卷77);万历八年四月丁丑:"赠恤辽东各路死事夜不收并走报墩军曹卜花等六十六人"(《明神宗实录》卷98).
[24]如隆庆元年十一月癸酉,兵部议复户部,以夜不收能深入虏营哨探得实,或不幸被杀伤者宜厚加赏恤.(《明穆宗实录》卷14,隆庆元年十一月癸酉)
[25]《辽东志》卷3"兵食·边略·烧荒".
[26]《明英宗实录》卷205,景泰二年六月戊辰.
[27]《明代辽东档案汇编》,下册,871-872页,辽沈书社1985年.
[28]《明代辽东档案汇编》,下册,890页.
[29]《明英宗实录》卷205,明景泰二年六月戊辰.
[30]《明神宗实录》卷524,万历四十二年九月壬戌.
[31]《明神宗实录》卷528,万历四十三年正月乙亥.
[32]《明神宗实录》卷572,万历四十六年七月丁酉.
[33]《明熹宗实录》卷12,天启元年七月壬子.
[34]《清太祖朝老满文原档·第一册荒字老满文档册》,100页.
[35]《满文老档》(上),266-267页.
[36]《满文老档》(上),267页.
[37]《清初内国史院满文档案译编》(上),170页.
[38]《满文老档》(下),1525页.
[39]《清太祖朝老满文原档·第一册荒字老满文档册》,85-86页.
[40]《清太祖朝老满文原档·第二册昃字老满文档册》,154页.
[41]《清太祖朝老满文原档·第二册昃字老满文档册》,115页.
[42]《满文老档》(上),128页.
[43]《满文老档》(上),314-315页.
[44]《满文老档》(下),1118页.
[45]《满文老档》(下),1120-1121页.
[46]《满文老档》(下),1121页.
[47]《清太祖朝老满文原档·第二册昃字老满文档册》,109页.
[48]《清太祖朝老满文原档·第一册荒字老满文档册》,57-58页.但是也不排除临时"卡伦"的设立.如天命三年五月,在努尔哈赤攻取铁岭之前,曾在军队主力大营之外,设立了十六处卡伦.显然,这类"卡伦"的任务是专门为大营站岗放哨的.(同前,93页)
[49]《满文老档》(下),983页.
[50]《满文老档》(下),985页.
[51]《满文老档》(下),964页.
[52]《清太祖朝老满文原档·第一册荒字老满文档册》,110-111页.
[53]《满文老档》(下),987、989页.
[54]《满文老档》(下),992页.
[55]《满文老档》(下),977页.
[56]《满文老档》(下),1132页.
[57]《满文老档》(下),1159-1160页.
[58]《满文老档》(下),1162-1163页.
[59]《满文老档》(下),1267页.
[60]《满文老档》(下),1273页.
[61]《满文老档》(下),1278页.
[62]《满文老档》(下),1020、1024页.
[63]《清初内国史院档案译编》,415页.
[64]《清初内国史院档案译编》,492页.
[65]其实应该说是根据军事需要,而选择捉生的对象.天聪五年为"察哈尔汗往征阿巴嘎济农之事",皇太极就"使人前往察哈尔捉生."《天命天聪年间蒙古文档案译稿》(中),《历史档案》2001年第4期.
[66]《旧满洲档译注·清太宗朝》(一),246页.
[67]《旧满洲档译注·清太宗朝》(一),247页.
[68]《天聪五年值月档》(一),三月初一日条.《历史档案》2000年第4期.
[69]《满文老档》(下),1148页.
[70]《满文老档》(下),1537页.
[71]《清初内国史院档案译编》(上),249页.
[72]《天聪五年值月档》(二),三月初六日条.《历史档案》2001年第1期.
[73]《天聪五年值月档》(二),七月初九日条.
[74]《天聪五年值月档》(三),八月初三日条.《历史档案》2001年第2期.
[75]《满变老档》(下),1193页.
[76]《满文老档》(下),1557页.
[77]《崇德三年满文档案译编》,231页.
[78]《清太祖朝老满文原档·第一册荒字老满文档册》,107-108页.
[79]《清太祖朝老满文原档·第二册昃字老满文档册》,195页.
[80]《天聪五年值月档》(一),二月初六日条.
[81]《旧满洲档译注·清太宗朝》(一),244页.
[82]《旧满洲档译注·清太宗朝》(一),255-256页.
[83]《满文老档》(下),1721页.
[84]《天聪九年档》,74页.
[85]《满文老档》(下),985页.
[86]《旧满洲档译注·清太宗朝》(一),243、244页.
[87]《满文老档》(下),1541页.
[88]《清太祖朝老满文原档·第二册昃字老满文档册》,195页.
[89]《旧满洲档译注·清太宗朝》(二),158页.
[90]《明神宗实录》卷151,万历十二年七月庚寅.
[91]《满族发展史初编》,158页,天津古籍出版社1990年.


收稿日期：2005年6月10日

出版日期：2005年11月15日

本文由志愿者：【火箭人 】收集整理上线。
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